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The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: Selections Annotated and Explained Russell McNeil, PhD Editor, Malaspina Great Books In 1862 the English literary critic and poet Matthew Arnold described Marcus Aurelius as "the most beautiful figure in history." The Stoicism of Aurelius is grounded in rationality and rests solidly on an ethical approach rooted in nature. Stoicism promises real happiness and joy in this life and a serenity that can never be soured by personal misfortune. This philosophy has universal appeal with practical implications on problems ranging from climate change and terrorism to the personal management of sickness, aging, depression and addiction. I truly believe that the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius has much to offer us now...(Click on book cover for more)

Category:	Modern Music
Name:	Krzysztof Penderecki
Birth Year:	1933
Death Year:	na
Representative Image:
Biography, Lectures, and Research Links:	Biography Blog Krzysztof Penderecki Artist Song Name Composer Composition Instrument Krzysztof Penderecki (born November 23, 1933) is a Polish composer of classical music. He was born in Debica and after taking private composition lessons with Franciszek Skolyszewski, he studied music at Krakow University and the Krakow Academy for Music under Artur Malawski and Stanislaw Wiechowicz. After graduating in 1958 he took up a teaching post there himself, teaching Iannis Xenakis amongst others. Penderecki's early works show the influence of Anton Webern and Pierre Boulez (he has also been influenced by Igor Stravinsky). The piece which brought him international fame was Threnody For the Victims of Hiroshima (originally called 8' 37", perhaps in a nod to John Cage), written for 52 string instruments. In it, Penderecki makes used of extended instrumental techniques (for example, playing on the wrong side of the bridge, bowing on the tailpiece), and creates novel textures. He makes great use of tone clusters (notes close together played at the same time) to evoke the effects and aftermath of a nuclear bomb explosion. The St. Luke Passion (1963-66) brought Penderecki popular acclaim. Various different styles can be seen at work. The experimental textures such as were seen in the Threnody are balanced by the baroque form of the work and the more traditional harmonies seen in places. The Stabat Mater section ends on a simple major chord. Penderekci makes use of serialism in this piece, and the tone row he uses includes the Bach motif, which acts as a bridge between the conventional harmonies and the more experimental work. Around the mid-1970s Penderecki's style began to change. The Violin Concerto No. 1 largely leaves behind the dense tone clusters with which he had been associated, and instead focuses on two melodic intervals: the semitone and the tritone. Some commentators went so far as to compare this new direction to Anton Bruckner. This direction continued with the Symphony No. 2, Christmas (1980), which is rather straightforward from a harmonic and melodic standpoint for a composer who had been one of the most experimental in Europe. It makes frequent use of the tune of the Christmas carol, "Silent Night". In 1980, Penderecki was commissioned by Solidarity to compose a piece to accompany the unveiling of a statue at the Gdansk shipyards to commemorate those killed at anti-government riots there in 1970. Penderecki responded with the Lacrimosa, which he later expanded to become one of the best known works of his later period, the Polish Requiem (1980-84, revised 1993). Here again the harmonies are quite lush, although there are moments which evoke his earlier work in the 1960s. The tendency in recent years has been towards more conservative Romanticism, however, as seen in works like the Cello Concerto No. 2 and the Credo. Selected Works Operas: The Devils of Loudon (1969), based on the novel by Aldous Huxley of the same name Paradise Lost (1978), based on the epic poem by John Milton The Black Mask (1984) Orchestral or Instrumental: Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (1960), probably Penderecki's best known piece Polymorphia (1961) Canon (1963) Capriccio (1967) String Quartet (1968) Cello Concerto No. 1 (1972) Symphony No. 1 (1973) Violin Concerto (1977) Adagietto from Paradise Lost (1979) Symphony No. 2 (1980) Capriccio (1980) Cello Concerto No. 2 (1983) Cadenza (1984) Per Slava (1985) Prelude (1987) Der unterbrochene Gedanke (1988) Passacaglia and Rondo (1988) Choral Works: Psalms of David (1958) Stabat Mater (1962) Passion According to St. Luke (1965) Dies Irae (1967) Utrenja (Morning Prayer) (1970) Magnificat (1974) Te Deum (1979) Agnus Dei (1981) Polish Requiem (1980/1984) Song of Cherubin (1986) [This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License and uses material adapted in whole or in part from the Wikipedia article on Krzysztof Penderecki.] The Great Books: Krzysztof Penderecki Please browse our Amazon list of titles about Krzysztof Penderecki. For rare and hard to find works we recommend our Alibris list of titles about Krzysztof Penderecki. Post Comments, Questions or Suggestions! This database is maintained by Malaspina Great Books.
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Records from Related Period and Category:	Modern Music

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This web page is part of a biographical database on Great Ideas. These are living ideas that have shaped, defined and directed world culture for over 2,500 years. By definition the Great Ideas are radical. As such they are sometimes misread, or distorted by popular simplifications. Understanding a Great Idea demands personal engagement. Our selection of Great Ideas is drawn from literature and philosophy, science, art, music, theatre, and cinema. We also include biographies of pivotal historical and religious figures, as well as contributions from women and other historically under-represented minorities. The result is an integrated multi-cultural and multi-disciplinary database built upon the framework of the always controversial Great Books Core List published in 1940 by the late Great Books Pioneer Mortimer Adler (1902-2001). Most of the works on that list are available in the 60 volume Great Books of the Western World.