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Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (sometimes transliterated as Piotr, Anglicised as Peter Ilich), born: Kamsko-Votinsk, Russia, May 71840, died: Saint Petersburg, Russia, November 6, 1893, was a Russian composer. His works include six symphonies, the 1812 Overture, the operas Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades and the ballets Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker. [The material above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License and uses material adapted in whole or in part from the Wikipedia article on Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky.]
Tchaikovsky was one of the earlier students of the St. Petersburg Conservatory established by Anton Rubinstein, completing his studies there to become a member of the teaching staff at the similar institution established in Moscow by Anton Rubinstein's brother Nikolay. He was able to withdraw from teaching when a rich widow, Nadezhda von Meck, offered him financial support which continued for much of his life, although, according to the original conditions of the pension, they never met. His music is thoroughly Russian in character, but, although he was influenced by Balakirev and the ideals of the Five Russian nationalist composers (with Cui, Borodine, Rimski-Korsakov and Moussorgski), he may be seen as belonging rather to the more international school of composition fostered by the Conservatories that Balakirev so much deplored. Two above all of Tchaikovsky's operas have retained a place in international repertoire. Eugene Onegin, based on a work by Pushkin, was written in 1877, the year of the composer's disastrous and brief attempt at marriage. He returned to Pushkin in 1890 with his powerful opera The Queen of Spades. Tchaikovsky, a master of the miniature forms necessary for ballet, succeeded in raising the quality of the music provided for an art that had undergone considerable technical development in 19th century Russia under the guidance of the French choreographer Marius Petipa. The first of Tchaikovsky's full length ballet-scores was Swan Lake, completed in 1876, followed in 1889 by The Sleeping Beauty. His last ballet, based on a story by E.T.A. Hoffmann, was Nutcracker, first staged in St. Petersburg in December 1892. [Adapted from Karadar.]
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